An injini yombanesisixhobo esiguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla oomatshini, kwaye ukususela oko kwaveliswa injini yokuqala yombane nguFaraday, sikwazile ukuphila ubomi bethu ngaphandle kwesi sixhobo kuyo yonke indawo.
Kule mihla, iimoto zitshintsha ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ekubeni zezoomatshini ukuya kwizixhobo eziqhutywa ngombane, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweemoto ezimotweni kuya kusasazeka ngakumbi nangakumbi. Abantu abaninzi basenokungakwazi ukuqikelela ukuba zingaphi iimoto ezifakwe emotweni yabo, kwaye intshayelelo elandelayo iya kukunceda ufumanise iimoto ezimotweni yakho.
Ukusetyenziswa kweenjini kwiimoto
Ukuze ufumane apho imoto ikhoyo emotweni yakho, isihlalo samandla yindawo efanelekileyo yokuyifumana. Kwiimoto ezingabizi kakhulu, iimoto zihlala zibonelela ngokulungiswa kwangaphambili nangasemva kunye nokuthambekela komqolo. Kwiimoto zexabiso eliphezulu,iimoto zombaneinokulawula ukulungiswa kobude, umzekelo, ukuhlalisa umqamelo osezantsi kwesihlalo, inkxaso ye-lumbar, ukulungiswa kwe-headrest kunye nokuqina komqamelo, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwee-motors zombane. Ezinye iimpawu zesihlalo ezisebenzisa ii-motors zombane ziquka ukugoba isihlalo sombane kunye nokulayisha amandla kwezihlalo zangasemva.
Iiwipers zefestile zezona mizekelo ixhaphakileyoinjini yombaneukusetyenziswa kwiimoto zanamhlanje. Ngokwesiqhelo, imoto nganye inemoto enye ubuncinane ye-wiper kwii-wipers zangaphambili. Ii-wiper zeefestile zangasemva ziya zithandwa kakhulu kwii-SUV nakwiimoto ezineengcango ezingasemva, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ii-wiper zangasemva kunye nee-motor ezifanayo zikhona kwiimoto ezininzi. Enye imoto ipompa ulwelo lwe-washer kwi-windscreen, kwaye kwezinye iimoto ipompa izibane zemoto, ezinokuba ne-wiper yazo encinci.
Phantse yonke imoto ine-blower ejikeleza umoya kwinkqubo yokufudumeza nokupholisa; izithuthi ezininzi zinefeni ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwikhabhini. Izithuthi eziphezulu nazo zinefeni ezihlalweni zokungenisa umoya kunye nokusasazwa kobushushu.
Ngaphambili, iifestile zazivulwa kwaye zivalwe ngesandla, kodwa ngoku iifestile zombane zixhaphakile. Iimoto ezifihlakeleyo zigcinwe kwifestile nganye, kuquka ii-sunroofs kunye neefestile zangasemva. Ii-actuators ezisetyenziselwa ezi festile zinokuba lula njengee-relay, kodwa iimfuno zokhuseleko (ezifana nokufumanisa imiqobo okanye izinto ezibambekayo) zikhokelela ekusebenziseni ii-actuators ezikrelekrele ezinokubeka iliso kwintshukumo kunye nokunciphisa amandla okuqhuba.
Ukutshintsha ukusuka ekusebenziseni ngesandla ukuya kwizixhobo zombane, izitshixo zeemoto ziya zilula ngakumbi. Iingenelo zolawulo olusebenzisa injini ziquka izinto ezilula ezifana nokusebenza kude, kunye nokhuseleko oluphuculweyo kunye nobukrelekrele obufana nokuvula ngokuzenzekelayo emva kwengozi. Ngokungafaniyo neefestile zombane, izitshixo zombane kufuneka zigcine ukhetho lokusebenza ngesandla, ngoko ke oku kuchaphazela uyilo lwemoto kunye nolwakhiwo lwesitshixo sombane.
Izalathisi ezikwiideshibhodi okanye kwiiklusta zisenokuba ziguqukele kwiidiode ezikhupha ukukhanya (ii-LED) okanye ezinye iintlobo zemiboniso, kodwa ngoku yonke i-dial kunye ne-gauge isebenzisa iimoto zombane ezincinci. Ezinye iimoto ezikudidi olubonelela ngokulula ziquka iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezifana nokugoba kwesipili esisecaleni kunye nokulungiswa kwendawo, kunye nezicelo ezininzi eziguquguqukayo ezifana neetopu eziguqulwayo, iipedali ezirhoxayo, kunye nezahluli zeglasi phakathi komqhubi nomkhweli.
Phantsi kwebhonethi, iimoto zombane ziya zixhaphaka kwiindawo ezininzi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iimoto zombane zithatha indawo yezinto zoomatshini eziqhutywa yibhanti. Imizekelo ibandakanya iifeni zeradiyetha, iipompo zepetroli, iipompo zamanzi kunye neecompressor. Kukho iingenelo ezininzi zokutshintsha le misebenzi ukusuka kwi-belt drive ukuya kwi-electric drive. Enye kukuba ukusetyenziswa kweemoto zokuqhuba kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki zanamhlanje kuyonga amandla ngakumbi kunokusebenzisa iibhanti kunye neepulleys, nto leyo ebangela iingenelo ezinje ngokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwepetroli, ukunciphisa ubunzima kunye nokukhupha umbane okuphantsi. Enye inzuzo kukuba ukusetyenziswa kweemoto zombane endaweni yeebhanti kuvumela inkululeko engakumbi kuyilo lwemishini, njengoko iindawo zokufakelwa kweepompo kunye neefeni akufuneki zithintelwe yibhanti yenyoka ekufuneka iqhotyoshelwe kwipulley nganye.
Iindlela zobuchwepheshe beemoto ezisetyenziswa ngaphakathi emotweni
Iimoto zombane azinamsebenzi kwiindawo eziphawulwe kumzobo ongasentla, kwaye, emva koko, njengoko imoto iba ye-elektroniki ngakumbi kwaye inkqubela phambili yokuqhuba ngokuzimela kunye nobukrelekrele yenziwa, iimoto zombane ziya kusetyenziswa ngakumbi nangakumbi emotweni, kwaye uhlobo lweemoto zokuqhuba nalo luyatshintsha.
Nangona ngaphambili uninzi lweemoto ezimotweni bezisebenzisa iinkqubo zeemoto ze-12V eziqhelekileyo, iinkqubo ze-12V kunye ne-48V ze-dual voltage ngoku ziya ziqheleka, apho inkqubo ye-dual voltage ivumela eminye yemithwalo yamandla aphezulu ukuba isuswe kwibhetri ye-12V. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa umbane we-48V kukunciphisa amandla angokuphindwe kane kumbane ofanayo, kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima beentambo kunye nee-motor windings. Usetyenziso olunemithwalo yamandla aphezulu enokuhlaziywa kumandla e-48V luquka ii-starter motors, ii-turbochargers, iipompo zepetroli, iipompo zamanzi kunye neefeni zokupholisa. Ukubeka inkqubo yombane ye-48V kwezi zinto kunokonga malunga ne-10% ekusebenziseni amafutha.
Ukuqonda Iintlobo zeeMoto
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa zifuna iimoto ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iimoto zingahlulwahlulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
1. Uhlulo olusekelwe kumthombo wamandla okusebenza - Ngokuxhomekeke kumthombo wamandla okusebenza wemoto, inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe ziimoto zeDC kunye neemoto zeAC. Phakathi kwazo, iimoto zeAC zahlulwe zibe ziimoto zesigaba esinye kunye neemoto zesigaba sesithathu.
2. Ngokomgaqo wokusebenza - ngokwesakhiwo esahlukileyo kunye nomgaqo wokusebenza, imoto ingahlulwahlulwa ibe yi-DC motor, i-asynchronous motor kunye ne-synchronous motor. Ii-synchronous motors zingahlulwahlulwa zibe zii-permanent magnet synchronous motors, i-resistance synchronous motors kunye nee-hysteresis motors. I-Asynchronous motor ingahlulwahlulwa ibe yi-induction motor kunye ne-AC commutator motor.
3. Uhlu ngokwendlela yokuqalisa nokusebenza - i-motor ngokwendlela yokuqalisa nokusebenza ingahlulwa ibe yi-capacitor-started single-phase asynchronous motor, i-capacitor-run single-phase asynchronous motor, i-capacitor-started single-phase asynchronous motor kunye ne-split-phase single-phase asynchronous motor.
4. Uhlu ngokwendlela esetyenziswa ngayo - iimoto zombane zinokwahlulwa zibe ziimoto zokuqhuba kunye neemoto zokulawula ngokwendlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Imoto yokuqhuba yahlulwe yaba zizixhobo zamandla (kubandakanya ukubhola, ukupolisha, ukugaya, ukukrola, ukusika, ukuxovula nezinye izixhobo) ngeemoto zombane, izixhobo zasekhaya (kubandakanya oomatshini bokuhlamba, iifeni zombane, iifriji, ii-air conditioner, iirekhoda zeteyiphu, iiVCR, iirekhoda zevidiyo, abadlali beDVD, ii-hoovers, iikhamera, oomisi beenwele, oomatshini bokucheba ngombane, njl.njl.) ngeemoto zombane kunye nezinye izixhobo ezincinci kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi (kubandakanya izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini abancinci, oomatshini abancinci, izixhobo zonyango, izixhobo ze-elektroniki, njl.njl.). Iimoto zokulawula zahlulwe zaba ziimoto ze-stepper kunye neemoto ze-servo.
5. Uhlu ngokwesakhiwo serotor - i-motor ngokwesakhiwo serotor ingahlulwa ibe yi-cage induction motor (umgangatho omdala ubizwa ngokuba yi-squirrel cage asynchronous motor) kunye ne-wire-wound rotor induction motor (umgangatho omdala ubizwa ngokuba yi-wire-wound asynchronous motor).
6. Uhlu ngokwesantya sokusebenza - iimoto ngokwesantya sokusebenza zingahlulwa zibe ziimoto ezinesantya esiphezulu, iimoto ezinesantya esiphantsi, iimoto ezinesantya esingaguqukiyo, iimoto ezinesantya esiphezulu.
Okwangoku, uninzi lweemoto ezisetyenziswa kwimizimba yeemoto zisebenzisa iimoto ze-DC ezixutyiweyo, nto leyo esisisombululo sendabuko. Ezi moto zilula ukuziqhuba kwaye azibizi kakhulu ngenxa yomsebenzi wokutshintsha onikezelwa ziimoto. Kwezinye iindlela, iimoto ze-DC (BLDC) ezingenamabhrashi zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ngokubhekiselele kubuninzi bamandla, nto leyo enciphisa ubunzima kwaye ibonelela ngoqoqosho olungcono lwamafutha kunye nokukhupha umbane okuphantsi, kwaye abavelisi bakhetha ukusebenzisa iimoto ze-BLDC kwii-wipers ze-windscreen, ii-cabin heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) kunye neepompo. Kwezi ndlela zokusebenza, iimoto zihlala zisebenza ixesha elide endaweni yokusebenza okwethutyana njengeefestile zamandla okanye izihlalo zamandla, apho ukulula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweemoto ezixutyiweyo kuqhubeka nokuba luncedo.
Iimoto zombane ezifanelekileyo kwizithuthi zombane
Utshintsho oluvela kwizithuthi ezisebenzisa ipetroli kakuhle luye kwizithuthi zombane kuphela luya kubangela utshintsho oluvela kwiinjini eziqhutywa ziinjini entliziyweni yemoto.
Inkqubo yokuqhuba iimoto yintliziyo yesithuthi sombane, equlathe injini, isixhobo sokuguqula umbane, izinzwa ezahlukeneyo zokubona kunye nombane. Iimoto ezifanelekileyo kwiimoto zombane ziquka: iimoto zeDC, iimoto zeDC ezingenamabhrashi, iimoto ezingasebenziyo, iimoto ezihlala zisebenza ngemagnethi, kunye neemoto ezitshintshayo.
Imoto ye-DC yimoto eguqula amandla ombane e-DC abe ngamandla oomatshini, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu ekutsaleni amandla ombane ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kakuhle kokulawula isantya. Ikwanazo neempawu ze-torque enkulu yokuqalisa kunye nolawulo olulula, ngoko ke, nawuphi na umatshini oqala phantsi komthwalo onzima okanye ofuna ulawulo lwesantya olufanayo, njengee-rolling mills ezinkulu eziguqulwayo, ii-winches, ii-electric locomotives, iitram njalo njalo, zifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kweemoto ze-DC.
Imoto ye-DC engenabhrashi ihambelana kakhulu neempawu zomthwalo wezithuthi zombane, eneempawu ze-torque enkulu enesantya esiphantsi, inokubonelela nge-torque enkulu yokuqalisa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokukhawulezisa zezithuthi zombane, kwangaxeshanye, inokusebenza kuluhlu lwesantya esiphantsi, esiphakathi nesiphezulu, ikwanazo neempawu zokusebenza kakuhle, kwiimeko zokukhanya, inokusebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Ingxaki kukuba imoto ngokwayo iyinkimbinkimbi kunemoto ye-AC kwaye umlawuli uyinkimbinkimbi kunemoto ye-DC ebhrashiweyo.
Imoto engangqamananga, oko kukuthi i-induction motor, sisixhobo apho i-rotor ibekwa khona kwintsimi yemagnethi ejikelezayo, kwaye phantsi kwesenzo sentsimi yemagnethi ejikelezayo, kufunyanwa i-torque ejikelezayo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela i-rotor iyajikeleza. Ulwakhiwo lwemoto engangqamananga lulula, kulula ukulwenza nokuyigcina, luneempawu zomthwalo wesantya esisondeleyo, lunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zoomatshini abaninzi bemveliso yemizi-mveliso neyezolimo. Nangona kunjalo, isantya semoto engangqamananga kunye nesantya sayo esingqamananga sentsimi yemagnethi ejikelezayo sinesantya esimiselweyo sokujikeleza, kwaye ngoko ke ukulawulwa kwesantya kuphantsi, kungekhona ngokoqoqosho njengemoto yeDC, kuyaguquguquka. Ukongeza, kwizicelo zamandla aphezulu, ezinesantya esiphantsi, iimoto ezingangqamananga azinangqiqo njengeemoto ezingqamananga.
Imoto yemagnethi esisigxina ehambelanayo yimoto ehambelanayo evelisa intsimi yemagnethi ejikelezayo ehambelanayo ngokushukumisa iimagnethi ezisisigxina, ezisebenza njengerotor ukuvelisa intsimi yemagnethi ejikelezayo, kwaye ii-stator windings zesigaba sesithathu zisabela kwi-armature phantsi kwesenzo sentsimi yemagnethi ejikelezayo, zibangela imisinga ye-symmetrical yesigaba sesithathu. Imoto yemagnethi esisigxina incinci ngobukhulu, ilula ngobunzima, ine-inertia encinci ejikelezayo kunye noxinano lwamandla aphezulu, olufanelekileyo kwizithuthi zombane ezinesithuba esincinci. Ukongeza, inomlinganiselo omkhulu we-torque-to-inertia, amandla okugqithisa kakhulu, kunye ne-torque enkulu yokukhupha ngakumbi kwisantya esiphantsi sokujikeleza, esifanelekileyo ekukhawuleziseni ukuqala kwesithuthi esikwikhompyutha. Ke ngoko, iimoto zemagnethi ezisisigxina ziye zaqatshelwa ngokubanzi ziiseshoni zezithuthi zombane zasekhaya nezangaphandle kwaye zisetyenziswe kwizithuthi ezininzi zombane. Umzekelo, uninzi lwezithuthi zombane eJapan ziqhutywa ziimoto zemagnethi ezisisigxina, ezisetyenziswa kwiToyota Prius hybrid.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-31-2024